Approximately 95% to 98% of testosterone is bound to a carrier protein at any given time, leaving just the remaining 2% to 5% as completely unbound and available for tissues to use
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Salivary testosterone and immunoglobulin A were increased by resistance training in adu... - 0 views
www.researchgate.net/...g_in_adults_with_Down_syndrome
testosterone resistance training exercise saliva salivary hormone hormones testing SigA
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shared by Nathan Goodyear on 28 Aug 12
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Redefining Metabolic Syndrome in Men (July 2012) Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients - 0 views
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testosterone male men hormone hormones saliva salivary low T low metabolic syndrome MetS
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most serum laboratories offer a free testosterone level, which is a calculated value based on SHBG levels or determined with equilibrium dialysis
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Testosterone has a known age-related decline, and total levels typically drop by approximately 1.6% per year beginning for most men in their 30s
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As estrogen levels rise, they prompt the body to produce more SHBG, which in turn has a higher binding affinity for testosterone, and drives the unbound fraction of the testosterone pool down even further
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When the increase in SHBG is taken into account, the age-related decline in the level of hormone that can be used by the body is closer to 2% to 3% per year.
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Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), an herb commonly used for allergies, can also be employed to bind to SHBG, which leaves more testosterone available to tissues
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Leptin, an adipose-derived peptide hormone that regulates appetite and metabolism, has been shown to directly inhibit testosterone production in animal models
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tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) further inhibit Leydig cell testosterone production
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there are several herbs that can work to boost testosterone levels, including longjack (Eurycoma longifolia), horny goat weed (Epimedium grandiflorum), and tribulus (Tribulus terrestris).
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the majority of the hormone is bound to carrier proteins including sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin
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The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and ... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3735932
SCFA gut gut health diet nutrition metabolism gut flora gut microbiota
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Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are present in an approximate molar ratio of 60:20:20 in the colon and stool
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SCFAs might play a key role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, bowel disorders, and certain types of cancer
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SCFA administration positively influenced the treatment of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
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Gut bacteria in the cecum and large intestine produce SCFAs mainly from nondigestible carbohydrates that pass the small intestine unaffected
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colonocytes, the first host cells that take up SCFAs and which depend largely on butyrate for their energy supply
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the microbiota act as a metabolic organ that can break down otherwise indigestible food components, degrade potentially toxic food compounds like oxalate, and synthesize certain vitamins and amino acids
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The general idea is that colonocytes prefer butyrate to acetate and propionate, and oxidize it to ketone bodies and CO2
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Exogenous acetate formed by colonic bacterial fermentation enters the blood compartment and is mixed with endogenous acetate released by tissues and organs (103, 104). Up to 70% of the acetate is taken up by the liver (105), where it is not only used as an energy source, but is also used as a substrate for the synthesis of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids and as a cosubstrate for glutamine and glutamate synthesis
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SCFAs regulate the balance between fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipolysis in the body.
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obese animals in this study showed a 50% reduction in relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes (i.e., acetate and propionate producers), whereas the Firmicutes (i.e., butyrate producers) were proportionally increased compared with the lean counterparts.
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In humans the distinct relation between the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and obesity is less clear.
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PLOS ONE: Probiotic Microbes Sustain Youthful Serum Testosterone Levels and Testicular ... - 0 views
journals.plos.org/...article
hormone hormones low T low Testosterone hypogonadism Testosterone probiotic L reuters probiotics Lactobacillus lactobacillus reuteri male aging
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Studies in both humans and rodents, however, suggest that low testosterone is due to age-related lesions in testes rather than irregular luteinizing hormone metabolism
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Various dietary factors and diet-induced obesity have been shown to increase the risk for late onset male hypogonadism and low testosterone production in both humans and mice
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Testosterone deficiency and metabolic diseases such as obesity appear to inter-digitate in complex cause-and-effect relationships
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dietary supplementation of aged mice with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri makes them appear to be younger than their matched untreated sibling mice
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These results indicate that gut microbiota induce modulation of local gastrointestinal immunity resulting in systemic effects on the immune system which activate metabolic pathways that restore tissue homeostasis and overall health
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all these studies we consistently observed that young and aged mice consuming purified L. reuteri organisms had particularly large testes and a dominant male behavior.
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The testes of probiotic-fed aged mice were rescued from both seminiferous tubule atrophy and interstitial Leydig cell area reduction typical of the normal aging process. Preservation of testicular architecture despite advanced age or high-fat diet coincided with remarkably high levels of circulating testosterone. The beneficial effects of probiotic consumption were recapitulated by the depletion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-17.
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feeding of L. reuteri consistently increased the gonadal weights, consumption of a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12 organisms did not affect testicular weight
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mice with dietary L. reuteri supplements were rescued from diet-induced obesity and had normal body weight and lean physique
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Despite the comparable numbers of ST profiles, we determined that testes from L. reuteri-treated mice had increased ST cross-sectioned profiles
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the probiotic organism induced prominent Leydig cell accumulations in the interstitial tissue between the ST's
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The probiotic-associated increase of interstitial Leydig cell areas was sustained with advancing age at 7 (CD vs CD+LR, P = 0.0025; CD+E.coli vs CD+LR, P = 0.0251) and 12 months
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mice eating L. reuteri had profoundly increased levels of circulating testosterone regardless of the type of diet they consumed
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previous studies we found that dietary probiotics counteract obesity [19] and age-related integumentary pathology [18] at least in part by down-regulating systemic pro-inflammatory IL-17A-dependent signaling
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blocking pro-inflammatory Il-17 signaling entirely recapitulates the beneficial effects of probiotics
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L. reuteri-associated prevention of age- and diet-related testicular atrophy correlates with increased numbers and size of Leydig cells
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Lactobacillus reuteri we discovered that aging male animals had larger testes compared to their age-matched controls
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xamined testes of probiotic microbe-fed mice and found that they had less testicular atrophy coinciding with higher levels of circulating testosterone compared to their age-matched controls
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Similar testicular health benefits were produced using systemic depletion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-17 alone, implicating a chronic inflammatory pathway in hypogonadism
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One specific aspect of this paradigm is reciprocal activities of pro-inflammatory Th-17 and anti-inflammatory Treg cells
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Feeding of L. reuteri organisms was previously shown to up-regulate IL-10 levels and reduce levels of IL-17 [19] serving to lower systemic inflammation
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insufficient levels of IL-10 may increase the risk for autoimmunity, obesity, and other inflammatory disease syndromes
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Westernized diets are also low in vitamin D, a nutrient that when present normally works together with IL-10 to protect against inflammatory disorders
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The hormone testosterone has been shown to act directly through androgen receptors on CD4+ cells to increase IL-10 expression
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studies in both humans and rodents suggest that hypogonadism is due to age-related lesions in testes rather than irregular LH metabolism
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We postulate that probiotic gut microbes function symbiotically with their mammalian hosts to impart immune homeostasis to maintain systemic and testicular health [34]–[35] despite suboptimal dietary conditions.
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Dietary factors and diet-induced obesity were previously shown to increase risk for age-associated male hypogonadism, reduced spermatogenesis, and low testosterone production in both humans and mice [2]–[4], [8]–[11], [14]–[17], phenotypic features that in this study were inhibited by oral probiotic therapy absent milk sugars, extra protein, or vitamin D supplied in yogurt.
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Similar beneficial effects of probiotic microbes on testosterone levels and sperm indices were reported in male mice that had been simultaneously supplemented with selenium
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Testes histomorphometry and serum androgen concentration data were both suggestive of a probiotic-associated up-regulation of spermatogenesis in mice
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the initial changes of testicular atrophy begin to occur in mice from the age of 6 moths onwards [7] and indicates that the trophic effect of L. reuteri on Leydig cells is a key event which precedes and prevents age-related changes in the testes of mice. This effect is reminiscent of earlier studies describing Leydig cell hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in the mouse and the rat testis that were achievable by the administration of gonadotropins, including human chorionic gonadotropin, FSH and LH
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Tricycle For Disabled Children - 0 views
www.wheelchairindia.com/...Handicapped-Child-Tricycle
Tricycle For Adults And Children With Special Needs shape of a conventional bicycle leg calibers various seating and bar adjustment reduced power height adjustable backrests control poles steering restrictors
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The tricycles are individually designed to meet the needs of each disabled child and help provide physiotherapy, build muscle tone and promote play. Italso help benefit growth and development in children with disabilities, enabling them to keep active and retain their independence. Disabled children get huge physical and emotional benefits from having the specially tricycles, which are each custom made to suit the individual child's needs. Riding a tricycle provides both fun and fitness, and is a therapeutic activity that allows children to exercise their lower extremities. As the muscles move through cycling motions, they are flexed, extended and stretched. This range of motion is crucial for children with disabilities, because muscles are incapable of keeping up with bone growth unless fully extended. Tricycles are provided to severely disabled children and adults and come in two sizes, 20 inch and 24 inch models. These trikes are grant funded and to qualify for one of these, an individual must suffer from a condition such as, but not limited to, Cerebral Palsy, Down Syndrome, Traumatic Brain Injury or Autism. Trunk support system is ideal for riders who have trouble remaining upright while seated. An optional headrest is available. A headrest can be purchased with either a flat or contoured headpiece, and adjusts both horizontally and vertically for optimum positioning. The Front Pulley System maintains a level pedal position for children whose extreme tone forces the front of the pedal downward. Turn the oval knob to raise and lower the handlebar. A handbrake for the conventional handlebar will arrive installed on Large tricycle. Open access combined with a low transfer step makes it easy to get on and off trikes. Tricycle Deluxe Double Hand Drive: Frame : Made by E.R.W. Tubes 38.0 mm-16 G. 25.4 mm & 22.22 mm- 18 G. Seat & Back : M S, C.R.C. Sheet. Seat Size 18"x 16" Wheel Size : Wheel Diameter 24"x 1 1/2" Tyre and Tube Standard Company. Pa
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Diet-Induced Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Effects on Immunity and Dis... - 0 views
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3448089
dysbiosis diet nutrition metabolic endotoxemia disease inflammation gut
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The gut microbiota participates in the body’s metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders
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Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes represent the two largest phyla in the human and mouse microbiota and a shift in the ratio of these phyla has been associated with many disease conditions, including obesity
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there is conflicting evidence on the composition of the obese microbiota phenotype with regards to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes ratios
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Bifidobacteria spp. from the phyla Actinobacteria, has been shown to be depleted in both obese mice and human subjects
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While it is not yet clear which specific microbes are inducing or preventing obesity, evidence suggests that the microbiota is a factor.
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targeted manipulation of the microbiota results in divergent metabolic outcomes depending on the composition of the diet
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The microbiota has been linked to insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes (T2D) via metabolic syndrome and indeed the microbiota of individuals with T2D is also characterized by an increased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, as well as an increase in Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp
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It was also observed that the ratio of Bacteriodes-Prevotella to C. coccoides-E. rectale positively correlated with glucose levels but did not correlate with body mass index [80]. This suggests that the microbiota may influence T2D in conjunction with or independently of obesity
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In humans, high-fat Western-style diets fed to individuals over one month can induce a 71% increase in plasma levels of endotoxins, suggesting that endotoxemia may develop in individuals with GI barrier dyfunction connected to dysbiosis
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LPS increases macrophage infiltration essential for systemic inflammation preceding insulin resistance, LPS alone does not impair glucose metabolism
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early treatment of dysbiosis may slow down or prevent the epidemic of metabolic diseases and hence the corresponding lethal cardiovascular consequences
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increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes, which is the microbial profile found in lean phenotypes, along with an increase in Bifidobacteria spp. and Lactobacillus spp
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mouse and rat models of T1D have been shown to have microbiota marked by decreased diversity and decreased Lactobacillus spp., as well as a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio
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The microbiota appears to be essential in maintaining the Th17/Treg cell balance in intestinal tissues, mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes, and in developing insulitis, although progression to overt diabetes has not been shown to be controlled by the microbiota
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Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 protects BB-rats from T1D by mediating intestinal barrier function and inflammation [101,102] and a combination probiotic VSL#3 has been shown to attenuate insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice
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breast fed infants have higher levels of Bifidobacteria spp. while formula fed infants have higher levels of Bacteroides spp., as well as increased Clostridium coccoides and Lactobacillus spp
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In mice fed a diet high in fat, there are many key gut population changes, such as the absence of gut barrier-protecting Bifidobacteria spp
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diet has a dominating role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity
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“Western” diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis which affects both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis